Method to Reduce Program Disturbs in Non-Volatile Memory Cells

ABSTRACT

A non-volatile memory that includes a shared source line configuration and methods of operating the same to reduce disturbs is provided. In one embodiment, the method includes coupling a first positive high voltage to a first global wordline in a first row of an array of memory cells, and coupling a second negative high voltage (V NEG ) to a first bitline in a first column of the array to apply a bias to a non-volatile memory transistor in a selected memory cell to program the selected memory cell. A margin voltage having a magnitude less than V NEG  is coupled to a second global wordline in a second row of the array, and an inhibit voltage coupled to a second bitline in a second column of the array.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/252,088, filed Aug. 30, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/664,131, filed Mar. 20, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,431,124 issued Aug. 30, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/216,589, filed Mar. 17, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,988,938 issued Mar. 24, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/920,352, filed Jun. 18, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,675,405 issued Mar. 18, 2014, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/778,136, filed Mar. 12, 2013, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to memory devices, and more particularly to methods for reducing program disturbs in non-volatile memory cells.

BACKGROUND

Non-volatile memories are widely used for storing data in computer systems, and typically include a memory array with a large number of memory cells arranged in rows and columns. Each of the memory cells includes a non-volatile charge trapping gate field-effect transistor that is programmed or erased by applying a voltage of the proper polarity, magnitude and duration between a control gate and the substrate. A positive gate-to-substrate voltage causes electrons to tunnel from the channel to a charge-trapping dielectric layer raising a threshold voltage (V_(T)) of the transistor, and a negative gate-to-channel voltage causes holes to tunnel from the channel to the charge-trapping dielectric layer lowering the threshold voltage.

Non-volatile memories suffer from program or bitline disturbs, which is an unintended and detrimental change in memory cell V_(T) when another memory cell connected to the same bitline is inhibited from being programmed. Bitline disturb refers to disturb of the memory cells located in a row different from the row containing the cell undergoing programming. Bitline disturb occurring in the deselected row increases as the number of erase/program cycles in rows selected in the common well increases. The magnitude of bitline disturb also increases at higher temperatures, and, since memory cell dimensions scale down faster than applied voltages at advanced technology nodes, bitline disturb also becomes worse as the density of non-volatile memories increase.

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide improved non-volatile memories and methods of programming the same.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description that follows and from the accompanying drawings and the appended claims provided below, where:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a cross-sectional side view of a non-volatile memory transistor or device;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a two transistor (2T) memory cell for which an embodiment of the present disclosure is particularly useful;

FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of a segment of a memory array 300 illustrating an embodiment of a program operation according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram of a segment of a memory array 900, adopting shared source lines (SSLs), illustrating an embodiment of a program operation according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating a positive high voltage (V_(POS)), a negative high voltage (V_(NEG)), and an intermediate, margin voltage (V_(MARG)) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating voltages applied to a selected global wordline (V_(SELECTED WL)) and a deselected global wordline (V_(DESELECTED GWL)) during a program operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a processing system including a memory device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 7A-7C are block diagrams illustrating details of command and control circuitry of a non-volatile memory according to various embodiments of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method for reducing bitline disturbs in unselected memory cells according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods for reducing program disturbs in non-volatile memories are described herein. The method is particularly useful for operating memories made of memory arrays of bit cells or memory cells including non-volatile trapped-charge semiconductor devices that may be programmed or erased by applying a voltage of the proper polarity, magnitude and duration.

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures, and techniques are not shown in detail or are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring an understanding of this description.

Reference in the description to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. The term to couple as used herein may include both to directly electrically connect two or more components or elements and to indirectly connect through one or more intervening components

The non-volatile memory may include memory cells with a non-volatile memory transistor or device implemented using Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS) or floating gate technology.

In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 1, the non-volatile memory transistor or device is a SONOS-type non-volatile memory device. Referring to FIG. 1, a SONOS device 100 includes a gate stack 102 formed over a substrate 104. The SONOS device 100 further includes source/drain regions 106 formed in a well 108 in the substrate 104 on either side of gate stack 102, which define a channel region 110 underneath gate stack. Gate stack 102 includes an oxide tunnel dielectric layer 112, a nitride or oxynitride charge-trapping layer 114, a top, blocking oxide layer 116 and a poly-silicon (poly) or metal layer which serves as a control gate 118.

When the control gate 118 is appropriately biased, electrons from the source/drain regions 106 are injected or tunnel through tunnel dielectric layer 112 and are trapped in the charge-trapping layer 114. The mechanisms by which charge is injected can include both Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling and hot-carrier injection. The charge trapped in the charge-trapping layer 114 results in an energy barrier between the drain and the source, raising the threshold voltage V_(T) necessary to turn on the SONOS device 100 putting the device in a “programmed” state. The SONOS device 100 can be “erased” or the trapped charge removed and replaced with holes by applying an opposite bias on the control gate 118.

In another embodiment, the non-volatile trapped-charge semiconductor device can be a floating-gate MOS field-effect transistor (FGMOS) or device. Generally, is similar in structure to the SONOS device 100 described above, differing primarily in that a FGMOS includes a poly-silicon (poly) floating gate, which is capacitively coupled to inputs of the device, rather than a nitride or oxynitride charge-trapping. Thus, the FGMOS device can be described with reference to FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1, a FGMOS device 100 includes a gate stack 102 formed over a substrate 104. The FGMOS device 100 further includes source/drain regions 106 formed in a well 108 in the substrate 104 on either side of gate stack 102, which define a channel region 110 underneath gate stack. Gate stack 102 includes a tunnel dielectric layer 112, a floating gate layer 114, a blocking oxide or top dielectric layer 116 and a poly-silicon or metal layer which serves as a control gate 118.

Similarly to the SONOS device described above the FGMOS device 100 can be programmed by applying an appropriate bias between the control gate and the source and drain regions to inject charge in to the charge-trapping layer, raising the threshold voltage V_(T) necessary to turn on the FGMOS device. The FGMOS device can be erased or the trapped charge removed by applying an opposite bias on the control gate.

A memory array is constructed by fabricating a grid of memory cells arranged in rows and columns and connected by a number of horizontal and vertical control lines to peripheral circuitry such as address decoders and sense amplifiers. Each memory cell includes at least one non-volatile trapped-charge semiconductor device, such as those described above, and may have a one transistor (1T) or two transistor (2T) architecture.

In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 2, the memory cell 200 has a 2T-architecture and includes, in addition to a non-volatile memory transistor 202, a pass or select transistor 204, for example, a conventional IGFET sharing a common substrate connection 206 with the memory transistor 202. Referring to FIG. 2, the memory transistor 202 has a charge trapping layer 208 and a drain 210 connected to a source 222 of the select transistor 204 and through the select transistor to a bitline 212, a control gate 214 connected to a wordline 216 and a source 218 connected to a source line 224. Select transistor 204 also includes a drain 220 connected to a bitline 212 and a gate 226 connected to a select or read line 228.

During an erase operation to erase the memory cell 200 a negative high voltage (V_(NEG)) is applied to the wordline 216 and a positive high voltage (V_(POS)) applied to the bitline and the substrate connection 206. Generally, the memory cell 200 is erased as part of a bulk erase operation in which all memory cells in a selected row of a memory array are erased at once prior to a program operation to program the memory cell 200 by applying the appropriate voltages to a global wordline (GWL) shared by all memory cells in the row, the substrate connection and to all bitlines in the memory array.

During the program operation the voltages applied to the wordline 216 and the bitline 212 are reversed, with V_(POS) applied to the wordline and V_(NEG) applied to the bitline, to apply a bias to program the memory transistor 202. The substrate connection 206 or connection to the well in which the memory transistor 202 is formed is coupled to electrical ground, V_(NEG) or to a voltage between ground and V_(NEG). The read or select line 228 is likewise coupled to electrical ground (0V), and the source line 224 may be at equipotential with the bitline 212, i.e., coupled to V_(NEG), or allowed to float.

After an erase operation or program operation is completed, the state of the memory cell 200 can be read by setting a gate-to-source voltage (V_(GS)) of the memory transistor 202 to zero, applying a small voltage between the drain terminal 210 and source terminal 218, and sensing a current that flows through the memory transistor. In the programmed state, an N-type SONOS memory transistor, for example, will be OFF because V_(GS) will be below the programmed threshold voltage V_(TP). In the erased state, the N-type memory transistor will be ON because the V_(GS) will be above an erased threshold voltage V_(TE). Conventionally, the ON state is associated with a logical “0” and the OFF state is associated with a logical “1.”

A memory array of memory cells and methods of operating the same to reduce disturbs will now be described with reference to FIG. 3A and Table I below. In the following description, for clarity and ease of explanation, it is assumed that all of the transistors in memory array are N-type SONOS transistors. It should be appreciated, without loss of generality that a P-type configuration can be described by reversing the polarity of the applied voltages, and that such a configuration is within the contemplated embodiments of the invention. In addition, the voltages used in the following description are selected for ease of explanation and represent only one exemplary embodiment of the invention. Other voltages may be employed in different embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a segment of a memory array 300, which may be part of a large memory array of memory cells. In FIG. 3A, memory array 300 includes four memory cells 301, 302, 303 and 304 arranged in two rows (ROW 1, ROW 2) and two columns (COLUMN 1, COLUMN 2). Each of the memory cells 301-304 may be structurally equivalent to memory cell 200 described above.

Referring to FIG. 3A, memory cell 301 is the targeted cell to be programmed to a logic “1” state (i.e., programmed to an OFF state) while memory cell 302, already erased to a logic “0” state by a preceding erase operation, is maintained in a logic “0” or ON state. These two objectives (programming cell 301 and inhibiting cell 302) are accomplished by applying a first or positive high voltage (V_(POS)) to a first global wordline (GWL₁) in the first row of the memory array 300, a second or negative high voltage (V_(NEG)), is applied to a first bitline (BL₁) to bias transistor T1 on programming the selected memory cell 301, while an inhibit voltage (V_(Inhib)) is applied to a second bitline (BL₂) to bias transistor T2 off on inhibiting programming of the deselected memory cell 302, and a common or shared voltage is applied to the substrate nodes (SUB) of all memory cells 301, 302, 303 and 304, and the read lines (RL1 and RL2) coupled to electrical ground (0V). The source lines (SL1 and SL2) may be at equipotential with the bitlines in their respective columns, i.e., SL1 is coupled to V_(NEG) and SL2 coupled to the V_(Inhib), or allowed to float.

In addition, and as described in greater detail below, a selected margin voltage (V_(MARG)) having a voltage level or magnitude less than V_(NEG) is applied to a second global wordline (GWL₂) in the second row of the memory array 300 to reduce or substantially eliminate program-state bitline disturb in the deselected memory cell 304 due to programming of the selected memory cell 301.

Table I depicts exemplary bias voltages that may be used for programming a non-volatile memory having a 2T-architecture and including memory cells with N-type SONOS transistors.

TABLE I Substrate GWL1 BL1 SL1 RL1 Node GWL2 BL2 SL2 RL2 V_(POS) V_(NEG) Float/ V_(GND) V_(NEG) V_(MARG) V_(INHIB) Float/ V_(GND) +4.7 V −3.6 V −3.6 V 0.0 V −3.6 V −2.6 V +1.2 V +1.2 V 0.0 V

Because the voltage applied to the second global wordline (GWL2) has a lower voltage level or magnitude that V_(NEG), which is conventionally applied to wordlines in deselected row or cells, the gate to drain voltage (V_(GD)) across transistor T4 is 3.8V, as compared to a V_(GD) in conventionally operated memories of 4.8V, the amount of bitline disturb of the threshold V_(T) of T4 is reduced significantly. In one embodiment of this invention it was observed to be reduced from about 60 mV to less than about 7 mV.

The margin voltage (V_(MARG)) can be generated using dedicated circuitry in the memory (not shown in this figure) used solely for generating V_(MARG), or can be generated using circuitry already included in the memory device. Generally, the margin voltage (V_(MARG)) has the same polarity as the second or V_(NEG) high voltage, but is higher or more positive than V_(NEG) by a voltage equal to at least the threshold voltage (V_(T)) of the transistor T4 in the memory cell 304 for which program state bitline disturb is reduced. Optionally, the circuitry used to generate the margin voltage (V_(MARG)) is programmable to set a desired margin voltage (V_(MARG)) with steps, in one embodiment, of 14 mV or less.

In one embodiment, the circuitry used to generate the margin voltage (V_(MARG)) includes a digital-to-analog-converter (DAC) enabled by command and control circuitry in the memory programmed to generate a margin voltage (V_(MARG)) of a desired magnitude or voltage level to be coupled to the GWLs of deselected row(s) during the program operation. In one particular advantageous embodiment the DAC is a margin mode DAC in the memory, which is used during initialization of the memory to adjust voltages therein, and which is not normally enabled during the program operation. Significant advantages of this embodiment include that V_(MARG) can be trimmed using the (MDAC) bits, it does not represent a large load on a negative pump for V_(NEG) and an output buffer of the margin mode DAC offers a low impedance driver for the V_(MARG) signal. Adapting such a margin mode DAC for generating V_(MARG) during the program operation requires forming an electrical connection to the GWLs of deselected rows of the memory array 300 during the program operation, and enabling the margin mode DAC through a DAC enable signal.

In certain embodiments, further adaption of the V_(MARG) circuit is desirable to overcome the fact that V_(MARG) was not originally designed to drive large capacitive loads active during program. One method of overcoming this limitation will now be described with reference to the graphs of FIGS. 4 and 5.

A memory array of memory cells that adopts shared source-line (SSL) configuration and methods of operating the same to reduce disturbs will now be described with reference to FIG. 3B and Table II below. In one embodiment, compared to FIG. 3A wherein there may be a single dedicated source-line (e.g. SL1) for each column (e.g. COLUMN 1), one single SSL (e.g. SSL1) is shared between memory cells (e.g. 901 and 902, 903 and 904) of adjoining columns. In one embodiment, SLLs may be disposed and shared between select transistors (e.g. 906 and 908) of memory cells (e.g. 901 and 902) of adjacent columns (e.g. COLUMN 1 and COLUMN 2). In the following description, for clarity and ease of explanation, it is assumed that all of the transistors in memory array are N-type SONOS transistors. It should be appreciated, without loss of generality that a P-type configuration can be described by reversing the polarity of the applied voltages, and that such a configuration is within the contemplated embodiments of the invention. In addition, the voltages used in the following description are selected for ease of explanation and represent only one exemplary embodiment of the invention. Other voltages may be employed in different embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a segment of a memory array 900, which may be part of a large memory array of memory cells. In FIG. 3B, memory array 300 includes at least four memory cells 901, 902, 903 and 904 arranged in two rows (ROW 1, ROW 2) and two columns (COLUMN 1, COLUMN 2). Each of the memory cells 901-904 may be structurally similar to memory cell 200 described above. In accordance with the memory structure of the present disclosure each of the memory cells 901-904 are further arranged into a number of pairs of adjacent memory cells in the same row. For instance, memory cell 901 is paired with memory cell 902, and the paired memory cells, e.g. 901 and 902, may include a mirrored orientation. In one embodiment, each pair of adjacent memory cells includes a single, shared source-line (e.g. SSL1) between the memory cells of the adjacent pair of memory cells (e.g. 901 and 902). In one embodiment, SSLs may be shared among paired memory cells of the same adjacent columns (e.g. memory cell pair 901 and 902 has the same SSL1 as memory cell pair 903 and 904).

Each of the memory cells 901-904 may be structurally similar to memory cell 200 described above, including a memory transistor (e.g. T1) and a select transistor (e.g. 906). Each of the memory transistors (e.g. T1 and T2) includes a drain coupled to a bitline (e.g. BL1 and BL2), a source coupled to a drain of the select transistor (e.g. 906 and 908) and, through the select transistor, to a single, shared source-line (e.g. SSL1). Each memory transistor further includes a control gate coupled to a global word-line (e.g. GWL1). The select transistors (e.g. 906 and 908) each includes a source coupled to the shared source-line (e.g. SSL1) and a gate coupled to a read line (e.g. RL1).

Referring to FIG. 3B, for example, memory cell 901 is the targeted cell to be programmed to a logic “1” state (i.e., programmed to an OFF state) while memory cell 902, already erased to a logic “0” state by a preceding erase operation, is maintained in a logic “0” or ON state. These two objectives (programming cell 901 and inhibiting cell 902) are accomplished by applying a first or positive high voltage (V_(POS)) to a first global wordline (GWL₁) in the first row of the memory array 900, a second or negative high voltage (V_(NEG)), is applied to a first bitline (BL₁) to bias transistor T1 on programming the selected memory cell 901, while an inhibit voltage (V_(INHIB)) is applied to a second bitline (BL₂) to bias transistor T2 on inhibiting programming of the deselected memory cell 902, and a common or shared voltage is applied to the substrate nodes (SUB) of all memory cells 901, 902, 903 and 904, and the read lines (RL1 and RL2) coupled to the second or negative high voltage (V_(NEG)). In one embodiment, the shared source line SSL1 between memory cells 901 and 902 may be at a third high voltage or SSL voltage (V_(SSL)), or allowed to float. In one embodiment, third high voltage V_(SSL) may have a voltage level or absolute magnitude less than V_(POS) or V_(NEG). In one embodiment, V_(SSL) may be generated by its own dedicated circuitry including DAC in the memory device (not shown). V_(SSL) may have an approximately same voltage level or absolute magnitude as margin voltage V_(MARG), which will be discussed in further detail in later sections.

In addition, and as described in greater detail below, a selected margin voltage (V_(MARG)) having a voltage level or absolute magnitude less than V_(NEG) is applied to a second global wordline (GWL₂) in the second row of the memory array 900 to reduce or substantially eliminate program-state bitline disturb in the deselected memory cell 904 due to programming of the selected memory cell 901. In one embodiment, the absolute voltage level or magnitude of V_(MARG) may be the same as V_(SSL).

Table II depicts exemplary bias voltages that may be used for programming a non-volatile memory having a 2T-architecture and including memory cells with N-type SONOS transistors and SSLs.

TABLE II Substrate GWL1 BL1 RL1 Node SSL1 GWL2 BL2 RL2 V_(POS) V_(NEG) V_(NEG) V_(NEG) Float/ V_(MARG) V_(INHIB) V_(NEG) +4.7 V −3.6 V −3.6 V −3.6 V V_(SSL) −2.6 V +1.2 V −3.6 V −2.4 V/ V_(MARG) −2.6 V

Because the voltage (i.e. V_(MARG)) applied to the second global wordline (GWL2) has a lower absolute voltage level or magnitude than V_(NEG), which is conventionally applied to wordlines in deselected row or cells, the gate to drain voltage (V_(GD)) across transistor T4 is 3.8V, as compared to a V_(GD) in conventionally operated memories of 4.8V, the amount of bitline disturb of the threshold V_(T) of T4 is reduced significantly. In one embodiment of this invention it was observed to be reduced from about 60 mV to less than about 7 mV.

The margin voltage (V_(MARG)) can be generated using dedicated circuitry in the memory (not shown in this figure) used solely for generating V_(MARG), or can be generated using circuitry already included in the memory device. In another embodiment, the circuitry that generates V_(MARG) may also supply voltage signal V_(SSL) to SSLs (e.g. SSL1). Generally, the margin voltage (V_(MARG)) has the same polarity as the second high voltage or V_(NEG), but is higher or more positive than V_(NEG) by a voltage equal to at least the threshold voltage (V_(T)) of the transistor T4 in the memory cell 904 for which program state bitline disturb is reduced. Optionally, the circuitry used to generate the margin voltage (V_(MARG)) is programmable to set a desired margin voltage (V_(MARG)) with steps, in one embodiment, of 14 mV or less.

In one embodiment, the circuitry used to generate the margin voltage (V_(MARG)) includes a digital-to-analog-converter (DAC) enabled by command and control circuitry in the memory programmed to generate a margin voltage (V_(MARG)) of a desired magnitude or voltage level to be coupled to the GWLs of deselected row(s) during the program operation. In one particular advantageous embodiment the DAC is a margin mode DAC in the memory, which is used during initialization of the memory to adjust voltages therein, and which is not normally enabled during the program operation. Significant advantages of this embodiment include that V_(MARG) can be trimmed using the (MDAC) bits, it does not represent a large load on a negative pump for V_(NEG) and an output buffer of the margin mode DAC offers a low impedance driver for the V_(MARG) signal. Adapting such a margin mode DAC for generating V_(MARG) during the program operation requires forming an electrical connection to the GWLs of deselected rows of the memory array 900 during the program operation, and enabling the margin mode DAC through a DAC enable signal.

In certain embodiments, further adaption of the V_(MARG) circuit is desirable to overcome the fact that V_(MARG) was not originally designed to drive large capacitive loads active during program. One method of overcoming this limitation will now be described with reference to the graphs of FIGS. 4 and 5.

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating a positive first high voltage (V_(POS) 402), a negative second high voltage (V_(NEG) 404), and an intermediate, margin voltage (V_(MARG) 406) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 4 it is noted that the start-up time for the circuit generating the margin voltage (V_(MARG) 406) can be relatively slow, up to 80-110 μs, as compared to the second high voltage (V_(NEG) 404). During this time the voltage difference between a deselected global wordline (GWL₂) to which the margin voltage (V_(MARG) 406) is applied and the p-well (SPW) or substrate node to which second high voltage (V_(NEG) 404), can reach 1.6-1.7 volts for 20-40 μs. Thus, to reduce erase-state bitline disturb in an unselected memory cell in the first column and second row of the memory array (e.g., cell T3), V_(NEG) is coupled to the second global wordline (GWL₂) in the deselected row for up to about 40 μs until a capacitance associated with the deselected wordline(s) is sufficiently pre-charged, and V_(NEG) has reached a value close to −2.0 volts. The margin voltage is then coupled to the global wordline (GWL₂) in the deselected row for the remainder of the program operation to reduce program-state bitline disturb in a second unselected memory cell in the second column and second row of the memory array due to programming of the selected memory cell.

A graph illustrating voltages applied to a selected global wordline (V_(SELECTED WL) 502) and a deselected global wordline (V_(DESELECTED GWL) 504) during a program operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 5. Referring to FIG. 5 it is noted from the graph of the deselected global wordline voltage (V_(DESELECTED GWL) 504) that at about 15 μs, indicated by reference numeral 506 on the graph of the deselected global wordline voltage, the global wordline (GWL₂) in the deselected row is switched from being coupled to second high voltage (V_(NEG) 404), to being coupled to the margin voltage (V_(MARG) 406) for the remainder of the program operation.

A processing system 600 to reduce bitline program disturbs according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to FIG. 6.

Referring to FIG. 6 the processing system 600 generally includes a non-volatile memory 602 coupled to a processor 604 in a conventional manner via an address bus 606, a data bus 608 and a control bus 610. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the processing system of FIG. 6 has been simplified for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and is not intended to be a complete description. In particular, details of the processor, row and column decoders, sense amplifiers and command and control circuitry, which are known in the art have are not described in detail herein.

The processor 604 may be a type of general purpose or special purpose processing device. For example, in one embodiment the processor can be a processor in a programmable system or controller that further includes a non-volatile memory, such as a Programmable System On a Chip or PSoC™ controller, commercially available from Cypress Semiconductor of San Jose, Calif.

The non-volatile memory 602 includes a memory array 612 organized as rows and columns of non-volatile memory cells (not shown in this figure) as described above. The memory array 612 is coupled to a row decoder 614 via multiple wordlines and read lines 616 (at least one wordline and one read line for each row of the memory array) as described above. The memory array 612 is further coupled to a column decoder 618 via a multiple bitlines and source lines 620 (one each for each column of the memory array) as described above. The memory array 612 is coupled to a plurality of sense amplifiers 622 to read multi-bit words therefrom. The non-volatile memory 602 further includes command and control circuitry 624 to control the row decoder 614, the column decoder 618 and sense amplifiers 622, and to receive read data from sense amplifiers. The command and control circuitry 624 includes voltage control circuitry 626 to generate the voltages needed for operation of the non-volatile memory 602, including V_(POS), V_(NEG) and V_(INHIB), and a margin mode DAC 628 to generate V_(MARG) described above, which is routed through the voltage control circuitry to the row decoder 614. The voltage control circuitry 626 operates to apply appropriate voltages to the memory cells during read, erase and program operations.

The command and control circuitry 624 is configured to control the row decoder 614 to select a first row of the memory array 612 for a program operation by applying a V_(POS) to a first global wordline (GWL₁) in the first row and to deselect a second row of the memory array by applying a margin voltage to a second global wordline (GWL₂) in the second row. In some embodiments, the command and control circuitry 624 is configured to sequentially couple first V_(NEG) to the second global wordline for a brief period of time and then the margin voltage. As described above, in some embodiments, the start-up time for a margin voltage circuit can be relatively slow as compared to that of V_(NEG) coupled to a substrate node or p-well (SPW) in which the memory transistor is formed, and during this time the voltage bias difference between the deselected wordline (GWL₂) and a p-well (SPW) or substrate node can cause erase-state bitline disturb in an unselected memory cell in the first column and second row of the memory array (e.g., cell T3). Thus, to reduce erase-state bitline disturb in the unselected memory cell in the first column and second row of the memory array (e.g., cell T3), V_(NEG) is coupled to the second global wordline (GWL₂) in the deselected row for a brief time until a capacitance associated with the deselected wordline(s) is sufficiently pre-charged, and V_(NEG) has reached a value close to −2.0 volts. The margin voltage is then coupled to the global wordline (GWL₂) in the deselected row for the remainder of the program operation to reduce program-state bitline disturb in a second unselected memory cell in the second column and second row of the memory array due to programming of the selected memory cell.

The command and control circuitry 624 is further configured to control the column decoder 618 to select a memory cell in the first row (e.g., cell T1) for programming by applying a V_(NEG) to a first shared bitline (BL₁) in a first column, and to inhibit a unselected memory cell in the first row (e.g., cell T2) from programming by applying an inhibit voltage to a second shared bitline (BL₂) in a second column. The column decoder 618 may be further configured to apply V_(NEG) to a first shared source line (SL₁) in the first column, and to apply the inhibit voltage on a second shared source line (SL₂) in the second column.

Details of the command and control circuitry of a memory device according to various embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7C.

Referring to FIG. 7A, in one embodiment the command and control circuitry 700 includes a negative HV supply or pump 702 to generate a V_(NEG) coupled to the bitline and source line of the selected cell, and to the substrate nodes during the program operation, a digital-to-analog-converter (DAC 704) enabled by the command and control circuitry to generate a margin voltage to be coupled to the GWLs of deselected rows during the program operation, and a switching circuit 706 to switch between V_(NEG) and the margin voltage coupled to the deselected GWLs during the program operation. The DAC 704 can be a dedicated DAC used solely for generating V_(MARG), or a DAC already included in the command and control circuitry 700 or voltage control circuitry 626 for other purposes, and which is normally not utilized during a program operation. As noted above, in one particular advantageous embodiment the DAC is a margin mode DAC 628 in the command and control circuitry 624 of the non-volatile memory 602, which is used during test to measure the threshold voltages of the non-volatile devices therein, and which is not normally enabled during the program operation. It will be appreciated that adapting such a margin mode DAC for generating V_(MARG) during the program operation requires forming an electrical connection to the switching circuit 706, and through the switching circuit and the row decoder (not shown in this figure) to the GWLs of deselected rows of the memory array during the program operation. The command and control circuitry 624 of the non-volatile memory 602 enables the DAC 704 through a DAC enable signal, and, optionally, operates the DAC to provide a programmed margin voltage level or magnitude. Generally, the DAC 704 is operated to provide a margin voltage having a magnitude less than the voltage magnitude of V_(NEG), i.e., higher or more positive than V_(NEG) in the N-type SONOS embodiment described above, by a voltage equal to at least the threshold voltage (V_(T)) of the of the memory transistor in the memory cell. In other embodiments, the DAC 704 may be programmed or operated to provide a margin voltage magnitude less than V_(NEG) by an amount close to the V_(T) of the memory transistor. For example, in one embodiment described above the DAC 704 may be programmed or operated to provide a margin voltage adjustable to within one or more small steps of about 14 mV each.

In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 7B, the command and control circuitry 700 includes a second charge pump 708 to generate the margin voltage to be coupled to the GWLs of deselected rows during the program operation. By selecting the second charge pump 708 to have a start-up time and power to charge the capacitance associated with the deselected wordline(s) that are substantially the same as the negative pump 702, the GWLs of the deselected rows can be coupled to the margin voltage throughout the program operation, and thus the need for a separate switching circuit 706 is eliminated.

In yet another embodiment, shown in FIG. 7C, the command and control circuitry 700 includes a voltage divider 710 coupled to an output of negative pump 702 to generate the margin voltage to be coupled to the GWLs of deselected rows during the program operation. Because V_(NEG) and V_(MARG) are both supplied by the negative pump 702 there is substantially no difference in start-up time between V_(NEG) and V_(MARG), and the voltage bias difference between V_(MARG) applied the deselected wordline (GWL₂) and V_(NEG) applied to the p-well (SPW) or substrate node cannot reach a voltage level sufficient to cause erase-state bitline disturb in the unselected memory cell in the first column and second row of the memory array (e.g., 1.6-1.7 volts for 20-40 μs), the GWLs of the deselected rows can be coupled to the margin voltage throughout the program operation, and thus the need for a separate switching circuit 706 is eliminated.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method for reducing program disturb in one embodiment. Note, it will be understood that although all steps of the method are described individually below implying a sequential order that is not necessarily the case, and that as shown in FIG. 8, a first five individual steps of the method are performed at substantially the same time, while a last two steps are performed in order after only a slight delay.

Referring to FIG. 8, a first positive high voltage (V_(POS)) is coupled to a first global wordline in a first row of a memory array of memory cells (802). In the next operation, a V_(NEG) is coupled to a first shared bitline in a first column of the memory array to apply a bias to a non-volatile memory transistor in a selected memory cell to program the selected memory cell (804). In embodiments in which the memory transistors are formed in wells in a substrate, the wells may be coupled to electrical ground, a voltage between ground and V_(NEG), or, as in the embodiment shown to V_(NEG) (806). Optionally, V_(NEG) may be coupled to a second global wordline in a second row of the memory array for a brief period of time to apply a bias to a non-volatile memory transistor in a first unselected memory cell in the first column and the second row of the memory array sharing the first shared bitline with the selected memory cell to reduce erase-state bitline disturb in the first unselected memory cell (808). Simultaneously, a margin voltage less than V_(NEG) is generated (810). In the next operation, after only a slight delay the margin voltage is coupled to the second global wordline in the second row of the memory array (812). In the next operation, an inhibit voltage is coupled to a second shared bitline in a second column of the memory array to apply a bias to a non-volatile memory transistor in a second unselected memory cell in the second row and second column to reduce program-state bitline disturb in the second unselected memory cell (814).

Thus, embodiments of a non-volatile memory and methods of operating the same to reduce disturbs have been described. Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of one or more embodiments of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.

Reference in the description to one embodiment or an embodiment means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the circuit or method. The appearances of the phrase one embodiment in various places in the specification do not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A memory circuit, comprising: a memory array including memory cells arranged in rows and columns, each comprising a non-volatile memory (NVM) transistor, wherein each memory cell further includes a first end and a second end, wherein the first ends of memory cells of at least two adjacent columns couple to a shared source line, the second ends of memory cells in a same column couple to and share a bitline, and gates of NVM transistors of memory cells in a same row couple to and share a global wordline; and a programmable control circuitry coupled to the memory array, the control circuitry including a voltage control circuitry configured to provide a first high voltage (HV) to a first global wordline in a first row of the memory array, and a second HV to a first bitline in a first column of the memory array to apply a bias to an NVM transistor in a selected memory cell to program the selected memory cell, and an inhibit voltage (V_(INHIB)) to a second bitline in a second column of the memory array.
 2. The memory circuit of claim 1, wherein at least one memory cell of the memory array further comprises an insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) coupled to the NVM transistor, wherein a source of the IGFET transistor is coupled to the first end and a drain of the NVM transistor is coupled to the second end of the at least one memory cell, wherein gates of the IGFET in memory cells of a same row coupled to and share a read line.
 3. The memory circuit of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry further comprises: a programmable digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to provide a margin voltage to a second global wordline in a second row of the memory array, wherein the margin voltage has a magnitude that is less than a magnitude of the second HV by at least a threshold voltage (V_(T)) of the NVM transistor in the unselected memory cell.
 4. The memory circuit of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry further comprises: a programmable digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to provide a shared source line (SSL) voltage to a first shared source line between the first and second columns of the memory array, wherein the SSL voltage has a magnitude that is less than the second HV.
 5. The memory circuit of claim 3, wherein the DAC is further configured to provide the margin voltage to a first shared source line between the first and second columns of the memory array.
 6. The memory circuit of claim 1, wherein substrates of the NVM transistor in each of the memory cells are coupled to a plurality of substrate nodes at a common voltage.
 7. The memory circuit of claim 1, wherein the first HV and the V_(INHIB) are positive voltages and the second HV is a negative voltage.
 8. The memory circuit of claim 1, wherein the first HV has a magnitude that is greater than a magnitude of the second HV.
 9. The memory circuit of claim 2, wherein the voltage control circuitry is further configured to provide the second HV to first and second read lines of the memory array.
 10. A memory array, comprising: memory cells arranged in rows and columns, wherein, each memory cell includes a non-volatile memory (NVM) transistor, wherein memory cells in a same row share a global wordline, memory cells in a same column share a bitline, and memory cells in two adjacent columns couple to a shared source line, and during programming of a first memory cell associated with a first row and a first column, a positive voltage is applied to a first global wordline associated with the first row and a negative voltage is applied to a first bit line associated with the first column to apply a bias to the NVM transistor in the first memory cell, while a negative marginal voltage, which has a magnitude that is less than the negative voltage, is applied to a second global wordline associated with an unselected second row for programming, and an inhibited voltage is applied to a second bitline associated with an unselected second column for programming to reduce a bias applied to memory cells in the unselected second row and column for programming.
 11. The memory array of claim 10, wherein during programming of the first memory cell, a negative shared source line voltage, which has a magnitude that is less than the negative voltage, is applied to a first shared source line shared between memory cells of the first and second columns.
 12. The memory array of claim 10, wherein during programming of the first memory cell, the negative marginal voltage is applied to a first shared source line shared between memory cells of the first and second columns.
 13. The memory array of claim 10, wherein memory cells from the two adjacent columns of the same row that couple to the same shared source line have a mirrored orientation.
 14. The memory array of claim 10, wherein the memory cells in the same row further share a read line, and the negative voltage is applied to both first and second read lines.
 15. A method of operating a memory device, comprising: obtaining the memory device including a memory array, wherein the memory array comprises memory cells arranged in rows and columns, and wherein memory cells of adjacent first and second columns couple to a first shared source line; generating a positive voltage, using a programmable control circuitry coupled to the memory array, and coupling the positive voltage to a first global wordline in a first row of the memory array, and generating and coupling a negative voltage to a first bitline in the first column of the memory array to apply a bias to a non-volatile memory transistor in a selected memory cell to program the selected memory cell; and generating a margin voltage having a magnitude less than the negative voltage, using a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and coupling the margin voltage to a second global wordline in a second row of the memory array, and generating and coupling an inhibit voltage to a second bitline in the second column of the memory array to reduce a bias applied to a non-volatile memory transistor in an unselected memory cell due to the programming of the selected memory cell.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: generating a shared source line voltage, using a second DAC, and coupling the shared source line voltage to the first shared source line between the adjacent first and second columns during programming of the selected memory cell, wherein the source line voltage has a magnitude less than the negative voltage.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: applying the margin voltage generated by the first DAC to the first shared source line during programming of the selected memory cell.
 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: causing the first shared source line to float during programming of the selected memory cell.
 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: applying the negative voltage to a first read line in the first row and a second read line in the second row of the memory array during programming of the selected memory cell.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the magnitude of the margin voltage is less than the negative voltage by an amount at least corresponding to a threshold voltage of a transistor associated with the unselected memory cell. 